The bayesplot PPC module provides various plotting functions for creating graphical displays comparing observed data to simulated data from the posterior (or prior) predictive distribution. See below for a brief discussion of the ideas behind posterior predictive checking, a description of the structure of this package, and tips on providing an interface to bayesplot from another package.

## Details

The idea behind posterior predictive checking is simple: if a model is a good fit then we should be able to use it to generate data that looks a lot like the data we observed.

### Posterior predictive distribution

To generate the data used for posterior predictive checks we simulate from the posterior predictive distribution. The posterior predictive distribution is the distribution of the outcome variable implied by a model after using the observed data $$y$$ (a vector of outcome values), and typically predictors $$X$$, to update our beliefs about the unknown parameters $$\theta$$ in the model. For each draw of the parameters $$\theta$$ from the posterior distribution $$p(\theta \,|\, y, X)$$ we generate an entire vector of outcomes. The result is an $$S \times N$$ matrix of simulations, where $$S$$ is the the size of the posterior sample (number of draws from the posterior distribution) and $$N$$ is the number of data points in $$y$$. That is, each row of the matrix is an individual "replicated" dataset of $$N$$ observations.

### Notation

When simulating from the posterior predictive distribution we can use either the same values of the predictors $$X$$ that we used when fitting the model or new observations of those predictors. When we use the same values of $$X$$ we denote the resulting simulations by $$y^{rep}$$ as they can be thought of as replications of the outcome $$y$$ rather than predictions for future observations. This corresponds to the notation from Gelman et. al. (2013) and is the notation used throughout the documentation for this package.

### Graphical posterior predictive checking

Using the datasets $$y^{rep}$$ drawn from the posterior predictive distribution, the functions in the bayesplot package produce various graphical displays comparing the observed data $$y$$ to the replications. For a more thorough discussion of posterior predictive checking see Chapter 6 of Gelman et. al. (2013).

### Prior predictive checking

To use bayesplot for prior predictive checks you can simply use draws from the prior predictive distribution instead of the posterior predictive distribution. See Gabry et al. (2019) for more on prior predictive checking and when it is reasonable to compare the prior predictive distribution to the observed data. If you want to avoid using the observed data for prior predictive checks, then the y argument to the PPC plotting functions can be used to provide plausible or implausible y values that you want to compare to the prior predictive realizations.

## PPC plotting functions

The plotting functions for prior and posterior predictive checking are organized into several categories, each with its own documentation:

• Distributions: Histograms, kernel density estimates, boxplots, and other plots comparing the empirical distribution of data y to the distributions of individual simulated datasets (rows) in yrep.

• Statistics: The distribution of a statistic, or a pair of statistics, over the simulated datasets (rows) in yrep compared to value of the statistic(s) computed from y.

• Intervals: Interval estimates of yrep with y overlaid. The x-axis variable can be optionally specified by the user (e.g. to plot against against a predictor variable or over time).

• Predictive errors: Plots of predictive errors (y - yrep) computed from y and each of the simulated datasets (rows) in yrep. For binomial models binned error plots are also available.

• Scatterplots: Scatterplots (and similar visualizations) of the data y vs. individual simulated datasets (rows) in yrep, or vs. the average value of the distributions of each data point (columns) in yrep.

• Plots for discrete outcomes: PPC functions that can only be used if y and yrep are discrete. For example, rootograms for count outcomes and bar plots for ordinal, categorical, and multinomial outcomes.

• LOO predictive checks: PPC functions for predictive checks based on (approximate) leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation.

## Providing an interface for predictive checking from another package

In addition to the various plotting functions, the bayesplot package provides the S3 generic pp_check(). Authors of R packages for Bayesian inference are encouraged to define pp_check() methods for the fitted model objects created by their packages. See the package vignettes for more details and a simple example, and see the rstanarm and brms packages for full examples of pp_check() methods.

## References

Gabry, J. , Simpson, D. , Vehtari, A. , Betancourt, M. and Gelman, A. (2019), Visualization in Bayesian workflow. J. R. Stat. Soc. A, 182: 389-402. doi:10.1111/rssa.12378. (journal version, arXiv preprint, code on GitHub)

Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., and Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, London, third edition. (Ch. 6)

Other PPCs: PPC-discrete, PPC-distributions, PPC-errors, PPC-intervals, PPC-loo, PPC-scatterplots, PPC-test-statistics