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11.1 BNF grammars

Syntactic conventions

In the following BNF grammars, tokens are represented in ALLCAPS. Grammar non-terminals are surrounded by < and >. A square brackets ([A]) indicates optionality of A. A postfixed Kleene star (A*) indicates zero or more occurrences of A. Parenthesis can be used to group symbols together in productions.

Finally, this grammar uses the concept of “parameterized nonterminals” as used in the parsing library Menhir. A rule like <list(x)> ::= x (COMMA x)* declares a generic list rule, which can later be applied to others by the symbol <list(<expression>)>.

The following representation is constructed directly from the OCaml reference parser using a tool called Obelisk. The raw output is available here.

Programs

<program> ::= [<function_block>] [<data_block>] [<transformed_data_block>]
              [<parameters_block>] [<transformed_parameters_block>]
              [<model_block>] [<generated_quantities_block>] EOF

<functions_only> ::= <function_def>* EOF

<function_block> ::= FUNCTIONBLOCK LBRACE <function_def>* RBRACE

<data_block> ::= DATABLOCK LBRACE <top_var_decl_no_assign>* RBRACE

<transformed_data_block> ::= TRANSFORMEDDATABLOCK LBRACE
                             <top_vardecl_or_statement>* RBRACE

<parameters_block> ::= PARAMETERSBLOCK LBRACE <top_var_decl_no_assign>*
                       RBRACE

<transformed_parameters_block> ::= TRANSFORMEDPARAMETERSBLOCK LBRACE
                                   <top_vardecl_or_statement>* RBRACE

<model_block> ::= MODELBLOCK LBRACE <vardecl_or_statement>* RBRACE

<generated_quantities_block> ::= GENERATEDQUANTITIESBLOCK LBRACE
                                 <top_vardecl_or_statement>* RBRACE

Function declarations and definitions

<function_def> ::= <return_type> <decl_identifier> LPAREN [<arg_decl> (COMMA
                   <arg_decl>)*] RPAREN <statement>

<return_type> ::= VOID
                | <unsized_type>

<arg_decl> ::= [DATABLOCK] <unsized_type> <decl_identifier>

<unsized_type> ::= ARRAY <unsized_dims> <basic_type>
                 | <basic_type> [<unsized_dims>]

<basic_type> ::= INT
               | REAL
               | COMPLEX
               | VECTOR
               | ROWVECTOR
               | MATRIX
               | COMPLEXVECTOR
               | COMPLEXROWVECTOR
               | COMPLEXMATRIX

<unsized_dims> ::= LBRACK COMMA* RBRACK

Variable declarations and compound definitions

<identifier> ::= IDENTIFIER
               | TRUNCATE
               | <future_keyword>

<future_keyword> ::= OFFSET
                   | MULTIPLIER
                   | LOWER
                   | UPPER
                   | ARRAY

<decl_identifier> ::= <identifier>

<no_assign> ::= UNREACHABLE

<optional_assignment(rhs)> ::= [ASSIGN rhs]

<id_and_optional_assignment(rhs)> ::= <decl_identifier>
                                      <optional_assignment(rhs)>

<decl(type_rule, rhs)> ::= type_rule <decl_identifier> <dims>
                           <optional_assignment(rhs)> SEMICOLON
                         | [<arr_dims>] type_rule
                           <id_and_optional_assignment(rhs)> (COMMA
                           <id_and_optional_assignment(rhs)>)* SEMICOLON

<var_decl> ::= <decl(<sized_basic_type>, <expression>)>

<top_var_decl> ::= <decl(<top_var_type>, <expression>)>

<top_var_decl_no_assign> ::= <decl(<top_var_type>, <no_assign>)>
                           | SEMICOLON

<sized_basic_type> ::= INT
                     | REAL
                     | COMPLEX
                     | VECTOR LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                     | ROWVECTOR LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                     | MATRIX LBRACK <expression> COMMA <expression> RBRACK
                     | COMPLEXVECTOR LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                     | COMPLEXROWVECTOR LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                     | COMPLEXMATRIX LBRACK <expression> COMMA <expression>
                       RBRACK

<top_var_type> ::= INT [LABRACK <range> RABRACK]
                 | REAL <type_constraint>
                 | COMPLEX <type_constraint>
                 | VECTOR <type_constraint> LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | ROWVECTOR <type_constraint> LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | MATRIX <type_constraint> LBRACK <expression> COMMA
                   <expression> RBRACK
                 | COMPLEXVECTOR <type_constraint> LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | COMPLEXROWVECTOR <type_constraint> LBRACK <expression>
                   RBRACK
                 | COMPLEXMATRIX <type_constraint> LBRACK <expression> COMMA
                   <expression> RBRACK
                 | ORDERED LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | POSITIVEORDERED LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | SIMPLEX LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | UNITVECTOR LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | CHOLESKYFACTORCORR LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | CHOLESKYFACTORCOV LBRACK <expression> [COMMA <expression>]
                   RBRACK
                 | CORRMATRIX LBRACK <expression> RBRACK
                 | COVMATRIX LBRACK <expression> RBRACK

<type_constraint> ::= [LABRACK <range> RABRACK]
                    | LABRACK <offset_mult> RABRACK

<range> ::= LOWER ASSIGN <constr_expression> COMMA UPPER ASSIGN
            <constr_expression>
          | UPPER ASSIGN <constr_expression> COMMA LOWER ASSIGN
            <constr_expression>
          | LOWER ASSIGN <constr_expression>
          | UPPER ASSIGN <constr_expression>

<offset_mult> ::= OFFSET ASSIGN <constr_expression> COMMA MULTIPLIER ASSIGN
                  <constr_expression>
                | MULTIPLIER ASSIGN <constr_expression> COMMA OFFSET ASSIGN
                  <constr_expression>
                | OFFSET ASSIGN <constr_expression>
                | MULTIPLIER ASSIGN <constr_expression>

<arr_dims> ::= ARRAY LBRACK <expression> (COMMA <expression>)* RBRACK

<dims> ::= LBRACK <expression> (COMMA <expression>)* RBRACK

Expressions

<expression> ::= <lhs>
               | <non_lhs>

<lhs> ::= <identifier>
        | <lhs> LBRACK <indexes> RBRACK

<non_lhs> ::= <expression> QMARK <expression> COLON <expression>
            | <expression> <infixOp> <expression>
            | <prefixOp> <expression>
            | <expression> <postfixOp>
            | <non_lhs> LBRACK <indexes> RBRACK
            | <common_expression>

<constr_expression> ::= <constr_expression> <arithmeticBinOp>
                        <constr_expression>
                      | <prefixOp> <constr_expression>
                      | <constr_expression> <postfixOp>
                      | <constr_expression> LBRACK <indexes> RBRACK
                      | <common_expression>
                      | <identifier>

<common_expression> ::= INTNUMERAL
                      | REALNUMERAL
                      | IMAGNUMERAL
                      | LBRACE <expression> (COMMA <expression>)* RBRACE
                      | LBRACK [<expression> (COMMA <expression>)*] RBRACK
                      | <identifier> LPAREN [<expression> (COMMA
                        <expression>)*] RPAREN
                      | TARGET LPAREN RPAREN
                      | GETLP LPAREN RPAREN
                      | <identifier> LPAREN <expression> BAR [<expression>
                        (COMMA <expression>)*] RPAREN
                      | LPAREN <expression> RPAREN

<prefixOp> ::= BANG
             | MINUS
             | PLUS

<postfixOp> ::= TRANSPOSE

<infixOp> ::= <arithmeticBinOp>
            | <logicalBinOp>

<arithmeticBinOp> ::= PLUS
                    | MINUS
                    | TIMES
                    | DIVIDE
                    | IDIVIDE
                    | MODULO
                    | LDIVIDE
                    | ELTTIMES
                    | ELTDIVIDE
                    | HAT
                    | ELTPOW

<logicalBinOp> ::= OR
                 | AND
                 | EQUALS
                 | NEQUALS
                 | LABRACK
                 | LEQ
                 | RABRACK
                 | GEQ

<indexes> ::= epsilon
            | COLON
            | <expression>
            | <expression> COLON
            | COLON <expression>
            | <expression> COLON <expression>
            | <indexes> COMMA <indexes>

<printables> ::= <expression>
               | <string_literal>
               | <printables> COMMA <printables>

Statements

<statement> ::= <atomic_statement>
              | <nested_statement>

<atomic_statement> ::= <lhs> <assignment_op> <expression> SEMICOLON
                     | <identifier> LPAREN [<expression> (COMMA
                       <expression>)*] RPAREN SEMICOLON
                     | INCREMENTLOGPROB LPAREN <expression> RPAREN SEMICOLON
                     | <expression> TILDE <identifier> LPAREN [<expression>
                       (COMMA <expression>)*] RPAREN [<truncation>] SEMICOLON
                     | TARGET PLUSASSIGN <expression> SEMICOLON
                     | BREAK SEMICOLON
                     | CONTINUE SEMICOLON
                     | PRINT LPAREN <printables> RPAREN SEMICOLON
                     | REJECT LPAREN <printables> RPAREN SEMICOLON
                     | RETURN <expression> SEMICOLON
                     | RETURN SEMICOLON
                     | SEMICOLON

<assignment_op> ::= ASSIGN
                  | ARROWASSIGN
                  | PLUSASSIGN
                  | MINUSASSIGN
                  | TIMESASSIGN
                  | DIVIDEASSIGN
                  | ELTTIMESASSIGN
                  | ELTDIVIDEASSIGN

<string_literal> ::= STRINGLITERAL

<truncation> ::= TRUNCATE LBRACK [<expression>] COMMA [<expression>] RBRACK

<nested_statement> ::= IF LPAREN <expression> RPAREN <statement> ELSE
                       <statement>
                     | IF LPAREN <expression> RPAREN <statement>
                     | WHILE LPAREN <expression> RPAREN <statement>
                     | FOR LPAREN <identifier> IN <expression> COLON
                       <expression> RPAREN <statement>
                     | FOR LPAREN <identifier> IN <expression> RPAREN
                       <statement>
                     | PROFILE LPAREN <string_literal> RPAREN LBRACE
                       <vardecl_or_statement>* RBRACE
                     | LBRACE <vardecl_or_statement>* RBRACE